Within modern times Taokas and Kavalan have not been in contact, and they are separated by a considerable mountain massif now peopled by speakers of Atayal However, there is some evidence that the Atayalic peoples have moved northward into their present territory within the past few centuries ( Blust 1996:283-288), and it is thus possible that prior to the Atayal reaching their historically attested distribution the Taokas had a wider east-west territorial spread than they had when linguistic and ethnographic recording in this part of Taiwan began during the Japanese colonial period starting in 1895. One is that the word is a loan from Taokas to Kavalan or vice-versa (or perhaps from an intermediate language that has since lost it, such as the inadequately known Liulang). No other reflex of * Namat is known, and there are essentially two reasonable explanations for this distribution.
This material was then transferred to the pioneering Formosan linguist Naoyoshi Ogawa, where it remained in his notebooks until it was rediscovered in recent decades. According to Tsuchida (1982) in May, 1917 the form tamat was recorded by an unnamed Japanese colonial policeman from one of the last speakers of Taokas, which soon after became extinct. Note: This is a critically important comparison that should be considered in conjunction with * diNaŋ ‘rust’. If so, Maranao lali is assumed to show a sporadic assimilation of the first consonant to the second. Note: Although initial * N is rare, and there is thus little evidence to decide the matter, it appears that * N normally merged with * n in PMP. Note: This comparison was first proposed by Tsuchida (1976:150). To pick plants for vegetables to buy vegetables Vegetables, non-staple vegetal foods (cultigens or wild) Generic term for vegetables any kind of cooked food served except rice Note: Also Rotinese nafa (expected ** nafe) ‘wave, waves’. Wave, to be many waves, as in a strong sea Time of large ocean swells and strong current large ocean swells accompanied by strong current PAN *Nabek breakers, surf, waves Formosan The resemblance of the Asilulu and Mbula forms to the others cited here may be a product of chance. Note: Also Yami rana ‘already’, Itbayaten dana ~ rana ‘already, now’, Pangasinan la ‘already’.
Then ( Sombe yaŋ isu, na ko nio aŋma som ‘If it rains, then I won’t come to you’) Signals the arrival of the time of an expected event or the attainment of an expected state: now signals the occurrence of an event or the attainment of a state sooner than expected: alreadyĪlready, no longer, not anymore, now (particle with negatives)Ī particle indicating finality ( weu na ‘I’ll be going then’)
Now (indicates the arrival of the time of an expected event or the attainment of an expected state, or indicates that before the situation was different but now it has changed already (indicates the occurrence of an event or the attainment of a state sooner than expected) Particle following the first word of the predicate, now is the case by now, will be the case by a certain point of time (with commands and exhortations) now! ayaw na ‘Stop (doing)! Enough! Particle showing that an action has begun and/or is enduring now, already, justĭenotes completion of development alreadyĪlready, still, yet ( Alás dos na ‘It is already two o’clock’) Particle: already, now ( Adi na sinda ‘They are here already’) Given the brevity of this form, as well as other CV competitors for this meaning that are nearly as well-attested, the similarity of forms outside the Tsouic subgroup may be a product of chance.Īlready yet ever ( nagháliʔ na siyá? ‘Has she already gone?’ or ‘Has she gone yet?’) Mills (1975:784) proposes PAn * (n)a, but cites forms only from Sulawesi.
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